Catalytic hydrothermal carbonization of microalgae biomass for low-carbon emission power generation: the environmental impacts of hydrochar co-firing

• Microalgae biomass-based catalytic hydrochar for co-firing applications. Catalytic hydrothermal carbonization to produce high-quality biofuel blends. Increased greenhouse gas emission reduction potentials. Enhanced decarbonization can be reached by using 43.9% ratio. Fossil fuel partial substitution and efficiency improvement low-carbon energy. This work aims improve the synthesis of renewable (HC) co-fired with coal reduce grenhouse (GHG) emission. Acetic acid catalyzed (cHTC) Chlorella vulgaris microalgae biomass was investigated based on a 3 3?1 fractional statistical design experiment examine effects reaction temperature (T = 180–220 °C), biomass-to-suspension- (BSR 5–25 wt.%), catalyst-to-suspension (CSR 0–10 wt.%) ratios process performance indicators. Analysis variance used assess experimental data. The results show that application homogeneous catalyst improves ratio energy recovery up 0.38 36.3%. Ex-ante cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment performed evaluate impacts (CFR) quality multi-perspective mid-, endpoint environmental highest potential (?1.54 kg CO 2,eq kWh ?1 ) is achieved produced at 195 °C, 25 wt.% BSR, 8 CSR levels. autocatalytic blends overall footprint solid firing facilitating transition toward power generation.